References

Abilbekov, Adal, Saida Mussakhojayeva, Rustem Yeshpanov, and Huseyin Atakan Varol. 2024. “KazEmoTTS: A Dataset for Kazakh Emotional Text-to-Speech Synthesis.” In Proceedings of the 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-COLING 2024), 9626–32. Torino, Italia: ELRA; ICCL. https://aclanthology.org/2024.lrec-main.841/.

Adelani, David Ifeoluwa, Hannah Liu, Xiaoyu Shen, Nikita Vassilyev, Jesujoba O. Alabi, Yanke Mao, Haonan Gao, and En-Shiun Annie Lee. 2024. “SIB-200: A Simple, Inclusive, and Big Evaluation Dataset for Topic Classification in 200+ Languages and Dialects.” In Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), 226–45. St. Julian’s, Malta: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.eacl-long.14.

Agostini, Alessandro, Timur Usmanov, Ulugbek Khamdamov, Nilufar Abdurakhmonova, and Mukhammadsaid Mamasaidov. 2021. “UZWORDNET: A Lexical-Semantic Database for the Uzbek Language.” In Proceedings of the 11th Global Wordnet Conference, 8–19. University of South Africa (UNISA): Global Wordnet Association. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.gwc-1.2.

Akhundjanova, Arofat, Furkan Akkurt, Bermet Chontaeva, Soudabeh Eslami, and Çağrı Çöltekin. 2025. “Parallel Universal Dependencies Treebanks for Turkic Languages.” In Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Universal Dependencies (UDW, SyntaxFest 2025), 129–36. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://aclanthology.org/2025.udw-1.14/.

AKIpress. 2024. “Turkic Academy Publishes Declaration on Common Turkic Alphabet.” AKIpress News Agency, 17 September 2024. https://akipress.com/news:796275:Turkic_Academy_publishes_Declaration_on_common_Turkic_alphabet/.

Akın, Ahmet Afşin, and Mehmet Dündar Akın. 2007. “Zemberek, an Open Source NLP Framework for Turkic Languages.” Project white paper.

Aksan, Yeşim, Mustafa Aksan, Ahmet Koltuksuz, Taner Sezer, Ümit Mersinli, Umut Ufuk Demirhan, Hakan Yılmazer, et al. 2012. “Construction of the Turkish National Corpus (TNC).” In Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC’12), 3223–27. Istanbul, Turkey: European Language Resources Association (ELRA). https://aclanthology.org/L12-1590/.

Alecakir, Huseyin, Necva Bölücü, and Burcu Can. 2022. “TurkishDelightNLP: A Neural Turkish NLP Toolkit.” In Proceedings of the 2022 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies: System Demonstrations, 17–26. Hybrid: Seattle, Washington + Online: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.naacl-demo.3.

Alekseev, Anton, and Gulnara Kabaeva. 2024. “HJ-Ky-0.1: An Evaluation Dataset for Kyrgyz Word Embeddings.” arXiv preprint arXiv:2411.10724. https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.10724.

Ardila, Rosana, Megan Branson, Kelly Davis, Michael Kohler, Josh Meyer, Michael Henretty, Reuben Morais, Lindsay Saunders, Francis Tyers, and Gregor Weber. 2020. “Common Voice: A Massively-Multilingual Speech Corpus.” In Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, 4218–22. Marseille, France: European Language Resources Association. https://aclanthology.org/2020.lrec-1.520/.

Artetxe, Mikel, and Holger Schwenk. 2019. “Margin-Based Parallel Corpus Mining with Multilingual Sentence Embeddings.” In Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 3197–3203. Florence, Italy: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/P19-1309.

Aslan, Ozkan, Serkan Gunal, and Bekir Taner Dincer. 2018. “On Constituent Chunking for Turkish.” Information Processing & Management 54 (6): 1262–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2018.05.004.

Azmat, Anwar, Li Xiao, Yang Yating, Dong Rui, and Osman Turghun. 2020. “Constructing Uyghur Name Entity Recognition System Using Neural Machine Translation Tag Projection.” In Proceedings of the 19th Chinese National Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1006–16. Haikou, China: Chinese Information Processing Society of China. https://aclanthology.org/2020.ccl-1.93/.

Bakay, Özge, Özlem Ergelen, Elif Sarmış, Selin Yıldırım, Bilge Nas Arıcan, Atilla Kocabalcıoğlu, Merve Özçelik, et al. 2021. “Turkish WordNet KeNet.” In Proceedings of the 11th Global Wordnet Conference, 166–74. University of South Africa (UNISA): Global Wordnet Association. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.gwc-1.19.

Bandarkar, Lucas, Davis Liang, Benjamin Muller, Mikel Artetxe, Satya Narayan Shukla, Donald Husa, Naman Goyal, Abhinandan Krishnan, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Madian Khabsa. 2024. “The Belebele Benchmark: A Parallel Reading Comprehension Dataset in 122 Language Variants.” In Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), 749–75. Bangkok, Thailand: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.acl-long.44.

Baysan, Mehmet Selman, and Tunga Gungor. 2025. “TR-MTEB: A Comprehensive Benchmark and Embedding Model Suite for Turkish Sentence Representations.” In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2025, 8867–87. Suzhou, China: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.findings-emnlp.471.

Beken Fikri, Figen, Kemal Oflazer, and Berrin Yanıkoğlu. 2021. “Turkish Dataset for Semantic Textual Similarity [Anlamsal Metin Benzerliği için Türkçe Veri Kümesi].” In 29th Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU), 1–4. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/SIU53274.2021.9477982.

Bird, Steven. 2020. “Decolonising Speech and Language Technology.” In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 3504–19. Barcelona, Spain (Online): International Committee on Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.coling-main.313.

Budur, Emrah, Rıza Özçelik, Tunga Gungor, and Christopher Potts. 2020. “Data and Representation for Turkish Natural Language Inference.” In Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), 8253–67. Online: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.662.

Burchell, Laurie, Alexandra Birch, Nikolay Bogoychev, and Kenneth Heafield. 2023. “An Open Dataset and Model for Language Identification.” In Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers), 865–79. Toronto, Canada: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.acl-short.75.

Burchell, Laurie, Ona de Gibert, Nikolay Arefyev, Mikko Aulamo, Marta Bañón, Pinzhen Chen, Mariia Fedorova, et al. 2025. “An Expanded Massive Multilingual Dataset for High-Performance Language Technologies (HPLT).” In Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), 17452–85. Vienna, Austria: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.acl-long.854.

Can, Fazli, Seyit Kocberber, Erman Balcik, Cihan Kaynak, H. Cagdas Ocalan, and Onur M. Vursavas. 2008. “Information Retrieval on Turkish Texts.” Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 59 (3): 407–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.20750.

Carroll, Stephanie Russo, Ibrahim Garba, Oscar L. Figueroa-Rodríguez, Jarita Holbrook, Raymond Lovett, Simeon Materechera, Mark Parsons, et al. 2020. “The CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance.” Data Science Journal 19: 43. https://doi.org/10.5334/dsj-2020-043.

Chalamalasetti, Kranti, Jana Götze, Sherzod Hakimov, Brielen Madureira, Philipp Sadler, and David Schlangen. 2023. “Clembench: Using Game Play to Evaluate Chat-Optimized Language Models as Conversational Agents.” In Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 11174–219. Singapore: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.emnlp-main.689.

Chen, Jianlyu, Shitao Xiao, Peitian Zhang, Kun Luo, Defu Lian, and Zheng Liu. 2024. “M3-Embedding: Multi-Linguality, Multi-Functionality, Multi-Granularity Text Embeddings Through Self-Knowledge Distillation.” In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2024, 2318–35. Bangkok, Thailand: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.findings-acl.137.

Chen, Sanyuan, Chengyi Wang, Yu Wu, Ziqiang Zhang, Long Zhou, Shujie Liu, Zhuo Chen, et al. 2025. “Neural Codec Language Models Are Zero-Shot Text to Speech Synthesizers.” IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech and Language Processing 33: 705–18. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASLPRO.2025.3530270.

Çöltekin, Çağrı. 2010. “A Freely Available Morphological Analyzer for Turkish.” In Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC’10). Valletta, Malta: European Language Resources Association (ELRA). https://aclanthology.org/L10-1068/.

Çöltekin, Çağrı, A. Seza Doğruöz, and Özlem Çetinoğlu. 2023. “Resources for Turkish Natural Language Processing: A Critical Survey.” Language Resources and Evaluation 57 (1): 449–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-022-09605-4.

Conneau, Alexis, Kartikay Khandelwal, Naman Goyal, Vishrav Chaudhary, Guillaume Wenzek, Francisco Guzmán, Edouard Grave, Myle Ott, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Veselin Stoyanov. 2020. “Unsupervised Cross-Lingual Representation Learning at Scale.” In Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 8440–51. Online: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.747.

Conneau, Alexis, Min Ma, Simran Khanuja, Yu Zhang, Vera Axelrod, Siddharth Dalmia, Jason Riesa, Clara Rivera, and Ankur Bapna. 2023. “FLEURS: Few-Shot Learning Evaluation of Universal Representations of Speech.” In 2022 IEEE Spoken Language Technology Workshop (SLT), 798–805. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/SLT54892.2023.10023141.

Devlet, Nadir, ed. 1992. Milletlerarası Çağdaş Türk Alfabeleri Sempozyumu, 18–20 Kasım 1991. Marmara Üniversitesi Yayın No. 509; Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Yayın No. 1. Istanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü. https://mupress-source.marmara.edu.tr/1366-file-pdf-milletlerarasi-cagdas-turk-alfabeleri-sempozyumu-18-20-kasim-1991_1783668182.pdf.

Devlin, Jacob, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. 2019. “BERT: Pre-Training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding.” In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers), 4171–86. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/N19-1423.

Dozat, Timothy, and Christopher D. Manning. 2017. “Deep Biaffine Attention for Neural Dependency Parsing.” In 5th International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). https://openreview.net/forum?id=Hk95PK9le.

Eryiğit, Gülşen, Joakim Nivre, and Kemal Oflazer. 2008. “Dependency Parsing of Turkish.” Computational Linguistics 34 (3): 357–89. https://doi.org/10.1162/coli.2008.07-017-R1-06-83.

Feng, Fangxiaoyu, Yinfei Yang, Daniel Cer, Naveen Arivazhagan, and Wei Wang. 2022. “Language-Agnostic BERT Sentence Embedding.” In Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), 878–91. Dublin, Ireland: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.acl-long.62.

Forcada, Mikel L., Mireia Ginestí-Rosell, Jacob Nordfalk, Jim O’Regan, Sergio Ortiz-Rojas, Juan Antonio Pérez-Ortiz, Felipe Sánchez-Martínez, Gema Ramírez-Sánchez, and Francis M. Tyers. 2011. “Apertium: A Free/Open-Source Platform for Rule-Based Machine Translation.” Machine Translation 25 (2): 127–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10590-011-9090-0.

Gibert, Ona de, Graeme Nail, Nikolay Arefyev, Marta Bañón, Jelmer van der Linde, Shaoxiong Ji, Jaume Zaragoza-Bernabeu, et al. 2024. “A New Massive Multilingual Dataset for High-Performance Language Technologies.” In Proceedings of the 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-COLING 2024), 1116–28. Torino, Italia: ELRA; ICCL. https://aclanthology.org/2024.lrec-main.100/.

Gökçür, Engin. 2016. “Primary Long Vowels in Turkmen Turkish [Türkmen Türkçesinde Birincil Uzun Ünlüler].” The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies 6 (47): 235–53. https://doi.org/10.9761/JASSS3460.

Graves, Alex. 2012. “Sequence Transduction with Recurrent Neural Networks.” arXiv preprint arXiv:1211.3711. https://arxiv.org/abs/1211.3711.

Graves, Alex, Santiago Fernández, Faustino Gomez, and Jürgen Schmidhuber. 2006. “Connectionist Temporal Classification: Labelling Unsegmented Sequence Data with Recurrent Neural Networks.” In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 369–76. ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/1143844.1143891.

Hakimov, Sherzod. 2026. “TurkicNLP: An NLP Toolkit for Turkic Languages.” arXiv preprint arXiv:2602.19174. https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.19174.

Hakkani-Tür, Dilek Z., Kemal Oflazer, and Gökhan Tür. 2000. “Statistical Morphological Disambiguation for Agglutinative Languages.” In COLING 2000 Volume 1: The 18th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. https://aclanthology.org/C00-1042/.

Hasan, Tahmid, Abhik Bhattacharjee, Md. Saiful Islam, Kazi Mubasshir, Yuan-Fang Li, Yong-Bin Kang, M. Sohel Rahman, and Rifat Shahriyar. 2021. “XL-Sum: Large-Scale Multilingual Abstractive Summarization for 44 Languages.” In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL-IJCNLP 2021, 4693–703. Online: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.findings-acl.413.

Heffernan, Kevin, Onur Çelebi, and Holger Schwenk. 2022. “Bitext Mining Using Distilled Sentence Representations for Low-Resource Languages.” In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2022, 2101–12. Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.findings-emnlp.154.

Hoffman, Beryl. 1994. “Generating Context Appropriate Word Orders in Turkish.” In Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Natural Language Generation. https://aclanthology.org/W94-0314/.

HPLT Consortium. 2025. “HPLT Monolingual Datasets v3.0.” https://hplt-project.org/datasets/v3.0.

Hu, Edward J., Yelong Shen, Phillip Wallis, Zeyuan Allen-Zhu, Yuanzhi Li, Shean Wang, Lu Wang, and Weizhu Chen. 2022. “LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models.” In The Tenth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). https://openreview.net/forum?id=nZeVKeeFYf9.

Imani, Ayyoob, Peiqin Lin, Amir Hossein Kargaran, Silvia Severini, Masoud Jalili Sabet, Nora Kassner, Chunlan Ma, et al. 2023. “Glot500: Scaling Multilingual Corpora and Language Models to 500 Languages.” In Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), 1082–1117. Toronto, Canada: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.acl-long.61.

Institute of Smart Systems and Artificial Intelligence (ISSAI). 2024. “KAZ-LLM: Large Language Models for Kazakh.” Model release on the Hugging Face Hub. https://huggingface.co/issai/LLama-3.1-KazLLM-1.0-8B.

Isbarov, Jafar, Arofat Akhundjanova, Mammad Hajili, Kavsar Huseynova, Dmitry Gaynullin, Anar Rzayev, Osman Tursun, et al. 2025. “TUMLU: A Unified and Native Language Understanding Benchmark for Turkic Languages.” In Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), 22816–38. Vienna, Austria: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.acl-long.1112.

Johanson, Lars. 2021. Turkic. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139016704.

Johanson, Lars, and Éva Á. Csató, eds. 1998. The Turkic Languages. Routledge Language Family Descriptions. Routledge.

Jurafsky, Daniel, and James H. Martin. 2024. Speech and Language Processing. 3rd ed.

Kara, Neslihan, Deniz Baran Aslan, Büşra Marşan, Özge Bakay, Koray Ak, and Olcay Taner Yıldız. 2020. “TRopBank: Turkish PropBank V2.0.” In Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, 2763–72. Marseille, France: European Language Resources Association. https://aclanthology.org/2020.lrec-1.336/.

Kargaran, Amir Hossein, Ayyoob Imani, François Yvon, and Hinrich Schuetze. 2023. “GlotLID: Language Identification for Low-Resource Languages.” In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2023, 6155–6218. Singapore: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.findings-emnlp.410.

Khanna, Tanmai, Jonathan N. Washington, Francis M. Tyers, Sevilay Bayatlı, Daniel G. Swanson, Tommi A. Pirinen, Irene Tang, and Hèctor Alòs i Font. 2021. “Recent Advances in Apertium, a Free/Open-Source Rule-Based Machine Translation Platform for Low-Resource Languages.” Machine Translation 35 (4): 475–502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10590-021-09260-6.

Kim, Jaehyeon, Jungil Kong, and Juhee Son. 2021. “Conditional Variational Autoencoder with Adversarial Learning for End-to-End Text-to-Speech.” In Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 139:5530–40. Proceedings of Machine Learning Research. PMLR.

Kirillovich, Alexander, Marat Shaekhov, Alfiya Galieva, Olga Nevzorova, Dmitry Ilvovsky, and Natalia Loukachevitch. 2021. “TatWordNet: A Linguistic Linked Open Data-Integrated WordNet Resource for Tatar.” In 3rd Conference on Language, Data and Knowledge (LDK 2021), 93:16:1–12. Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs). Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik. https://doi.org/10.4230/OASIcs.LDK.2021.16.

Ko, Tom, Vijayaditya Peddinti, Daniel Povey, and Sanjeev Khudanpur. 2015. “Audio Augmentation for Speech Recognition.” In Proceedings of Interspeech 2015, 3586–89. ISCA. https://doi.org/10.21437/Interspeech.2015-711.

Koskenniemi, Kimmo. 1983. “Two-Level Morphology: A General Computational Model for Word-Form Recognition and Production.” Publication No. 11, University of Helsinki, Department of General Linguistics.

Koto, Fajri, Rituraj Joshi, Nurdaulet Mukhituly, Yuxia Wang, Zhuohan Xie, Rahul Pal, Daniil Orel, et al. 2025. “Sherkala-Chat: Building a State-of-the-Art LLM for Kazakh in a Moderately Resourced Setting.” In Second Conference on Language Modeling (COLM). https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.01493.

Kreutzer, Julia, Isaac Caswell, Lisa Wang, Ahsan Wahab, Daan van Esch, Nasanbayar Ulzii-Orshikh, Allahsera Tapo, et al. 2022. “Quality at a Glance: An Audit of Web-Crawled Multilingual Datasets.” Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 10: 50–72. https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00447.

Kudo, Taku. 2018. “Subword Regularization: Improving Neural Network Translation Models with Multiple Subword Candidates.” In Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), 66–75. Melbourne, Australia: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/P18-1007.

Kudo, Taku, and John Richardson. 2018. “SentencePiece: A Simple and Language Independent Subword Tokenizer and Detokenizer for Neural Text Processing.” In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations, 66–71. Brussels, Belgium: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D18-2012.

Kudugunta, Sneha, Isaac Caswell, Biao Zhang, Xavier Garcia, Derrick Xin, Aditya Kusupati, Romi Stella, Ankur Bapna, and Orhan Firat. 2023. “MADLAD-400: A Multilingual and Document-Level Large Audited Dataset.” In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 36 (NeurIPS 2023), Datasets and Benchmarks Track.

Kulmizev, Artur, Miryam de Lhoneux, Johannes Gontrum, Elena Fano, and Joakim Nivre. 2019. “Deep Contextualized Word Embeddings in Transition-Based and Graph-Based Dependency Parsing – a Tale of Two Parsers Revisited.” In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP), 2755–68. Hong Kong, China: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1277.

Kuriyozov, Elmurod, Yerai Doval, and Carlos Gómez-Rodríguez. 2020. “Cross-Lingual Word Embeddings for Turkic Languages.” In Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, 4054–62. Marseille, France: European Language Resources Association. https://aclanthology.org/2020.lrec-1.499/.

Kuriyozov, Elmurod, David Vilares, and Carlos Gómez-Rodríguez. 2024. “BERTbek: A Pretrained Language Model for Uzbek.” In Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Under-Resourced Languages @ LREC-COLING 2024, 33–44. Torino, Italia: ELRA; ICCL. https://aclanthology.org/2024.sigul-1.5/.

Lample, Guillaume, Miguel Ballesteros, Sandeep Subramanian, Kazuya Kawakami, and Chris Dyer. 2016. “Neural Architectures for Named Entity Recognition.” In Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, 260–70. San Diego, California: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/N16-1030.

Lin, Yu-Hsiang, Chian-Yu Chen, Jean Lee, Zirui Li, Yuyan Zhang, Mengzhou Xia, Shruti Rijhwani, et al. 2019. “Choosing Transfer Languages for Cross-Lingual Learning.” In Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 3125–35. Florence, Italy: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/P19-1301.

Lindén, Krister, Erik Axelson, Sam Hardwick, Tommi A. Pirinen, and Miikka Silfverberg. 2011. “HFST—Framework for Compiling and Applying Morphologies.” In Systems and Frameworks for Computational Morphology (SFCM 2011), 100:67–85. Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23138-4_5.

LocalDoc. n.d. “azerbaijani-ner-dataset.” Hugging Face dataset LocalDoc/azerbaijani-ner-dataset, CC BY-NC 4.0. https://huggingface.co/datasets/LocalDoc/azerbaijani-ner-dataset.

Mamasaidov, Mukhammadsaid, and Abror Shopulatov. 2024. “Open Language Data Initiative: Advancing Low-Resource Machine Translation for Karakalpak.” In Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Machine Translation, 606–13. Miami, Florida, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.wmt-1.48.

Marchisio, Kelly, Wei-Yin Ko, Alexandre Berard, Théo Dehaze, and Sebastian Ruder. 2024. “Understanding and Mitigating Language Confusion in LLMs.” In Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 6653–77. Miami, Florida, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.emnlp-main.380.

Marneffe, Marie-Catherine de, Christopher D. Manning, Joakim Nivre, and Daniel Zeman. 2021. “Universal Dependencies.” Computational Linguistics 47 (2): 255–308. https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00402.

McDonald, Ryan, and Joakim Nivre. 2007. “Characterizing the Errors of Data-Driven Dependency Parsing Models.” In Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning (EMNLP-CoNLL), 122–31. Prague, Czech Republic: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://aclanthology.org/D07-1013/.

Mirzakhalov, Jamshidbek, Anoop Babu, Duygu Ataman, Sherzod Kariev, Francis Tyers, Otabek Abduraufov, Mammad Hajili, et al. 2021. “A Large-Scale Study of Machine Translation in Turkic Languages.” In Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 5876–90. Online; Punta Cana, Dominican Republic: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.emnlp-main.475.

Mirzakhalov, Jamshidbek, Anoop Babu, Aigiz Kunafin, Ahsan Wahab, Bekhzodbek Moydinboyev, Sardana Ivanova, Mokhiyakhon Uzokova, et al. 2021. “Evaluating Multiway Multilingual NMT in the Turkic Languages.” In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation, 518–30. Online: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://aclanthology.org/2021.wmt-1.60/.

Muller, Benjamin, Antonios Anastasopoulos, Benoît Sagot, and Djamé Seddah. 2021. “When Being Unseen from mBERT Is Just the Beginning: Handling New Languages with Multilingual Language Models.” In Proceedings of the 2021 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, 448–62. Online: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.naacl-main.38.

Mussakhojayeva, Saida, Kaisar Dauletbek, Rustem Yeshpanov, and Huseyin Atakan Varol. 2023. “Multilingual Speech Recognition for Turkic Languages.” Information 14 (2): 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/info14020074.

Mussakhojayeva, Saida, Rinat Gilmullin, Bulat Khakimov, Mansur Galimov, Daniil Orel, Adal Adilbekov, and Huseyin Atakan Varol. 2024. “Noise-Robust Multilingual Speech Recognition and the Tatar Speech Corpus.” In 2024 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Information and Communication (ICAIIC), 732–37. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAIIC60209.2024.10463419.

Mussakhojayeva, Saida, Yerbolat Khassanov, and Huseyin Atakan Varol. 2022a. “KSC2: An Industrial-Scale Open-Source Kazakh Speech Corpus.” In Proceedings of Interspeech 2022, 1367–71. ISCA. https://doi.org/10.21437/Interspeech.2022-421.

———. 2022b. “KazakhTTS2: Extending the Open-Source Kazakh TTS Corpus with More Data, Speakers, and Topics.” In Proceedings of the Thirteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, 5404–11. Marseille, France: European Language Resources Association. https://aclanthology.org/2022.lrec-1.578/.

Nguyen, Thuat, Chien Van Nguyen, Viet Dac Lai, Hieu Man, Nghia Trung Ngo, Franck Dernoncourt, Ryan A. Rossi, and Thien Huu Nguyen. 2024. “CulturaX: A Cleaned, Enormous, and Multilingual Dataset for Large Language Models in 167 Languages.” In Proceedings of the 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-COLING 2024), 4226–37. Torino, Italia: ELRA; ICCL. https://aclanthology.org/2024.lrec-main.377/.

Nivre, Joakim, Marie-Catherine de Marneffe, Filip Ginter, Yoav Goldberg, Jan Hajič, Christopher D. Manning, Ryan McDonald, et al. 2016. “Universal Dependencies V1: A Multilingual Treebank Collection.” In Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC’16), 1659–66. Portorož, Slovenia: European Language Resources Association (ELRA). https://aclanthology.org/L16-1262/.

NLLB Team, Marta R. Costa-jussà, James Cross, Onur Çelebi, Maha Elbayad, Kenneth Heafield, Kevin Heffernan, et al. 2024. “Scaling Neural Machine Translation to 200 Languages.” Nature 630 (8018): 841–46. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07335-x.

Oepen, Stephan, Nikolay Arefyev, Mikko Aulamo, Marta Bañón, Maja Buljan, Laurie V. Burchell, Lucas Georges Gabriel Charpentier, et al. 2026. “HPLT 3.0: Very Large-Scale Multilingual Resources for LLMs and MT. Mono- and Bi-Lingual Data, Multilingual Evaluation, and Pre-Trained Models.” In Proceedings of the Fifteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, 1409–34. Palma de Mallorca, Spain: ELRA Language Resource Association. https://doi.org/10.63317/25xbdofco9od.

Oflazer, Kemal. 1994. “Two-Level Description of Turkish Morphology.” Literary and Linguistic Computing 9 (2): 137–48. https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/9.2.137.

Oflazer, Kemal, and Murat Saraçlar, eds. 2018. Turkish Natural Language Processing. Theory and Applications of Natural Language Processing. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90165-7.

Omnilingual ASR Team, Gil Keren, Artyom Kozhevnikov, Yen Meng, Christophe Ropers, Matthew Setzler, Skyler Wang, et al. 2025. “Omnilingual ASR: Open-Source Multilingual Speech Recognition for 1600+ Languages.” arXiv preprint arXiv:2511.09690. https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.09690.

Ozturel, Adnan, Tolga Kayadelen, and Isin Demirsahin. 2019. “A Syntactically Expressive Morphological Analyzer for Turkish.” In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Finite-State Methods and Natural Language Processing, 65–75. Dresden, Germany: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/W19-3110.

Pan, Xiaoman, Boliang Zhang, Jonathan May, Joel Nothman, Kevin Knight, and Heng Ji. 2017. “Cross-Lingual Name Tagging and Linking for 282 Languages.” In Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), 1946–58. Vancouver, Canada: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/P17-1178.

Papineni, Kishore, Salim Roukos, Todd Ward, and Wei-Jing Zhu. 2002. “Bleu: A Method for Automatic Evaluation of Machine Translation.” In Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 311–18. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.3115/1073083.1073135.

Park, Daniel S., William Chan, Yu Zhang, Chung-Cheng Chiu, Barret Zoph, Ekin D. Cubuk, and Quoc V. Le. 2019. “SpecAugment: A Simple Data Augmentation Method for Automatic Speech Recognition.” In Proceedings of Interspeech 2019, 2613–17. ISCA. https://doi.org/10.21437/Interspeech.2019-2680.

Penedo, Guilherme, Hynek Kydlíček, Vinko Sabolčec, Bettina Messmer, Negar Foroutan, Amir Hossein Kargaran, Colin Raffel, Martin Jaggi, Leandro von Werra, and Thomas Wolf. 2025. “FineWeb2: One Pipeline to Scale Them All – Adapting Pre-Training Data Processing to Every Language.” arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.20920. https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.20920.

Petrov, Aleksandar, Emanuele La Malfa, Philip H. S. Torr, and Adel Bibi. 2023. “Language Model Tokenizers Introduce Unfairness Between Languages.” In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 36 (NeurIPS 2023).

Ponti, Edoardo Maria, Goran Glavaš, Olga Majewska, Qianchu Liu, Ivan Vulić, and Anna Korhonen. 2020. “XCOPA: A Multilingual Dataset for Causal Commonsense Reasoning.” In Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), 2362–76. Online: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.185.

Popović, Maja. 2015. “ChrF: Character n-Gram F-Score for Automatic MT Evaluation.” In Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation, 392–95. Lisbon, Portugal: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/W15-3049.

———. 2017. “ChrF++: Words Helping Character n-Grams.” In Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation, 612–18. Copenhagen, Denmark: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/W17-4770.

Post, Matt. 2018. “A Call for Clarity in Reporting BLEU Scores.” In Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers, 186–91. Brussels, Belgium: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/W18-6319.

Pratap, Vineel, Andros Tjandra, Bowen Shi, Paden Tomasello, Arun Babu, Sayani Kundu, Ali Elkahky, et al. 2024. “Scaling Speech Technology to 1,000+ Languages.” Journal of Machine Learning Research 25 (97): 1–52. https://jmlr.org/papers/v25/23-1318.html.

Qi, Peng, Yuhao Zhang, Yuhui Zhang, Jason Bolton, and Christopher D. Manning. 2020. “Stanza: A Python Natural Language Processing Toolkit for Many Human Languages.” In Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations, 101–8. Online: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-demos.14.

Qwen Team, An Yang, Baosong Yang, Beichen Zhang, Binyuan Hui, Bo Zheng, Bowen Yu, et al. 2024. “Qwen2.5 Technical Report.” arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.15115. https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.15115.

Radford, Alec, Jong Wook Kim, Tao Xu, Greg Brockman, Christine McLeavey, and Ilya Sutskever. 2023. “Robust Speech Recognition via Large-Scale Weak Supervision.” In Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 202:28492–518. Proceedings of Machine Learning Research. PMLR.

Rae, Jack W., Sebastian Borgeaud, Trevor Cai, Katie Millican, Jordan Hoffmann, et al. 2021. “Scaling Language Models: Methods, Analysis & Insights from Training Gopher.” https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.11446.

Rei, Ricardo, Craig Stewart, Ana C Farinha, and Alon Lavie. 2020. “COMET: A Neural Framework for MT Evaluation.” In Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), 2685–2702. Online: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.213.

Rust, Phillip, Jonas Pfeiffer, Ivan Vulić, Sebastian Ruder, and Iryna Gurevych. 2021. “How Good Is Your Tokenizer? On the Monolingual Performance of Multilingual Language Models.” In Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers), 3118–35. Online: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.acl-long.243.

Safaya, Ali, Emirhan Kurtuluş, Arda Goktogan, and Deniz Yuret. 2022. “Mukayese: Turkish NLP Strikes Back.” In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2022, 846–63. Dublin, Ireland: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.findings-acl.69.

Şahin, Gözde Gül, and Eşref Adalı. 2018. “Annotation of Semantic Roles for the Turkish Proposition Bank.” Language Resources and Evaluation 52 (3): 673–706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-017-9390-y.

Saidov, Bobur, Zilolakhon Ruzmetova, Umida Bazarova, Gulnoza Narkabilova, Nasiba Azizova, Feruzakhon Rustamova, and Firuza Halimova. 2026. “Human-Reviewed Uzbek Legal Named Entity Recognition Dataset.” F1000Research 15: 909. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.180408.2.

Schüller, Peter, Kübra Cıngıllı, Ferit Tunçer, Barış Gün Sürmeli, Ayşegül Pekel, Ayşe Hande Karatay, and Hacer Ezgi Karakaş. 2017. “Marmara Turkish Coreference Corpus and Coreference Resolution Baseline.” arXiv preprint arXiv:1706.01863. https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.01863.

Schweter, Stefan. 2020. “BERTurk – BERT Models for Turkish.” https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3770924.

Scialom, Thomas, Paul-Alexis Dray, Sylvain Lamprier, Benjamin Piwowarski, and Jacopo Staiano. 2020. “MLSUM: The Multilingual Summarization Corpus.” In Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), 8051–67. Online: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.647.

Senel, Lütfi Kerem, Benedikt Ebing, Konul Baghirova, Hinrich Schuetze, and Goran Glavaš. 2024. “Kardeş-NLU: Transfer to Low-Resource Languages with the Help of a High-Resource Cousin – a Benchmark and Evaluation for Turkic Languages.” In Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), 1672–88. St. Julian’s, Malta: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.eacl-long.100.

Sennrich, Rico, Barry Haddow, and Alexandra Birch. 2016a. “Improving Neural Machine Translation Models with Monolingual Data.” In Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), 86–96. Berlin, Germany: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/P16-1009.

———. 2016b. “Neural Machine Translation of Rare Words with Subword Units.” In Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), 1715–25. Berlin, Germany: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/P16-1162.

Shen, Jonathan, Ruoming Pang, Ron J. Weiss, Mike Schuster, Navdeep Jaitly, Zongheng Yang, Zhifeng Chen, et al. 2018. “Natural TTS Synthesis by Conditioning WaveNet on Mel Spectrogram Predictions.” In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), 4779–83. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASSP.2018.8461368.

Steimel, Kenneth, Akbar Amat, Arienne Dwyer, and Sandra Kübler. 2020. “Fine-Grained Morpho-Syntactic Analysis for the Under-Resourced Language Chaghatay.” In Proceedings of the 19th International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories, 43–54. Düsseldorf, Germany: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.tlt-1.4.

Tamchyna, Aleš, Marion Weller-Di Marco, and Alexander Fraser. 2017. “Modeling Target-Side Inflection in Neural Machine Translation.” In Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation, 32–42. Copenhagen, Denmark: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/W17-4704.

Tiedemann, Jörg. 2012. “Parallel Data, Tools and Interfaces in OPUS.” In Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC’12), 2214–18. Istanbul, Turkey: European Language Resources Association (ELRA). https://aclanthology.org/L12-1246/.

Togmanov, Mukhammed, Nurdaulet Mukhituly, Diana Turmakhan, Jonibek Mansurov, Maiya Goloburda, Akhmed Sakip, Zhuohan Xie, et al. 2025. “KazMMLU: Evaluating Language Models on Kazakh, Russian, and Regional Knowledge of Kazakhstan.” In Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), 14403–16. Vienna, Austria: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.acl-long.701.

Tolegen, Gulmira, Alymzhan Toleu, and Rustam Mussabayev. 2020. “Voted-Perceptron Approach for Kazakh Morphological Disambiguation.” In Proceedings of the 1st Joint Workshop on Spoken Language Technologies for Under-Resourced Languages (SLTU) and Collaboration and Computing for Under-Resourced Languages (CCURL), 258–64. Marseille, France: European Language Resources association. https://aclanthology.org/2020.sltu-1.36/.

Toraman, Cagri, Eyup Halit Yilmaz, Furkan Şahinuç, and Oguzhan Ozcelik. 2023. “Impact of Tokenization on Language Models: An Analysis for Turkish.” ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 22 (4): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1145/3578707.

Turatali, Timur, Anton Alekseev, Gulira Jumalieva, Gulnara Kabaeva, and Sergey Nikolenko. 2025. “Human-Annotated NER Dataset for the Kyrgyz Language.” In 2025 10th International Conference on Computer Science and Engineering (UBMK), 1607–12. Istanbul, Turkey: IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/UBMK67458.2025.11206879.

Türk, Utku, Furkan Atmaca, Şaziye Betül Özateş, Gözde Berk, Seyyit Talha Bedir, Abdullatif Köksal, Balkız Öztürk Başaran, Tunga Güngör, and Arzucan Özgür. 2022. “Resources for Turkish Dependency Parsing: Introducing the BOUN Treebank and the BoAT Annotation Tool.” Language Resources and Evaluation 56 (1): 259–307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-021-09558-0.

Turkic World Common Alphabet Commission. 2024. “Declaration on Common Turkic Alphabet.” Published by the International Turkic Academy, 16 September 2024. https://turkicacademy.org/en/smi/declaration-common-turkic-alphabet.

Tyers, Francis M., and Jonathan N. Washington. 2015. “Towards a Free/Open-Source Universal-Dependency Treebank for Kazakh.” In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Turkic Languages Processing (TurkLang 2015), 276–89. Kazan, Russia.

Uludoğan, Gökçe, Zeynep Balal, Furkan Akkurt, Meliksah Turker, Onur Gungor, and Susan Üsküdarlı. 2024. “TURNA: A Turkish Encoder-Decoder Language Model for Enhanced Understanding and Generation.” In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2024, 10103–17. Bangkok, Thailand: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.findings-acl.600.

Vaswani, Ashish, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N. Gomez, Łukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin. 2017. “Attention Is All You Need.” In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30 (NIPS 2017), 5998–6008.

Wang, Liang, Nan Yang, Xiaolong Huang, Linjun Yang, Rangan Majumder, and Furu Wei. 2024. “Multilingual E5 Text Embeddings: A Technical Report.” arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.05672. https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.05672.

Washington, Jonathan North, Francis M. Tyers, and Oğuzhan Kuyrukçu. 2020. “Multi-Script Morphological Transducers and Transcribers for Seven Turkic Languages.” Proceedings of the Workshop on Turkic and Languages in Contact with Turkic 5 (1): 173–85. https://doi.org/10.3765/ptu.v5i1.4783.

Washington, Jonathan, Mirlan Ipasov, and Francis Tyers. 2012. “A Finite-State Morphological Transducer for Kyrgyz.” In Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC’12), 934–40. Istanbul, Turkey: European Language Resources Association (ELRA). https://aclanthology.org/L12-1642/.

Washington, Jonathan, Ilnar Salimzyanov, and Francis Tyers. 2014. “Finite-State Morphological Transducers for Three Kypchak Languages.” In Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC’14), 3378–85. Reykjavik, Iceland: European Language Resources Association (ELRA). https://aclanthology.org/L14-1143/.

Wolf, Thomas, Lysandre Debut, Victor Sanh, Julien Chaumond, Clement Delangue, Anthony Moi, Pierric Cistac, et al. 2020. “Transformers: State-of-the-Art Natural Language Processing.” In Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations, 38–45. Online: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-demos.6.

Xue, Linting, Noah Constant, Adam Roberts, Mihir Kale, Rami Al-Rfou, Aditya Siddhant, Aditya Barua, and Colin Raffel. 2021. “MT5: A Massively Multilingual Pre-Trained Text-to-Text Transformer.” In Proceedings of the 2021 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, 483–98. Online: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.naacl-main.41.

Yeniterzi, Reyyan. 2011. “Exploiting Morphology in Turkish Named Entity Recognition System.” In Proceedings of the ACL 2011 Student Session, 105–10. Portland, OR, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://aclanthology.org/P11-3019/.

Yeshpanov, Rustem, Pavel Efimov, Leonid Boytsov, Ardak Shalkarbayuli, and Pavel Braslavski. 2024. “KazQAD: Kazakh Open-Domain Question Answering Dataset.” In Proceedings of the 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-COLING 2024), 9645–56. Torino, Italia: ELRA; ICCL. https://aclanthology.org/2024.lrec-main.843/.

Yeshpanov, Rustem, Yerbolat Khassanov, and Huseyin Atakan Varol. 2022. “KazNERD: Kazakh Named Entity Recognition Dataset.” In Proceedings of the Thirteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, 417–26. Marseille, France: European Language Resources Association. https://aclanthology.org/2022.lrec-1.44/.

Yeshpanov, Rustem, Saida Mussakhojayeva, and Yerbolat Khassanov. 2023. “Multilingual Text-to-Speech Synthesis for Turkic Languages Using Transliteration.” In Proceedings of Interspeech 2023, 5521–25. ISCA. https://doi.org/10.21437/Interspeech.2023-249.

Yeshpanov, Rustem, Alina Polonskaya, and Huseyin Atakan Varol. 2024. “KazParC: Kazakh Parallel Corpus for Machine Translation.” In Proceedings of the 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-COLING 2024), 9633–44. Torino, Italia: ELRA; ICCL. https://aclanthology.org/2024.lrec-main.842/.

Zeyrek, Deniz, Işın Demirşahin, and Ayışığı B. Sevdik Çallı. 2013. “Turkish Discourse Bank: Porting a Discourse Annotation Style to a Morphologically Rich Language.” Dialogue & Discourse 4 (2): 174–84. https://doi.org/10.5087/dad.2013.208.

Zheng, Lianmin, Wei-Lin Chiang, Ying Sheng, Siyuan Zhuang, Zhanghao Wu, Yonghao Zhuang, Zi Lin, et al. 2023. “Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arena.” In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 36 (NeurIPS 2023), Datasets and Benchmarks Track.